Influence of social stress on value of minimal anesthetic concentration of isuflurano in guan (Penelope obscura) captured in wildlife / Influência do estresse social sobre o valor da concentração anestésica mínima de isuflurano em jacus (Penelope obscura) capturados em vida livre

This study aimed to determine and evaluate whether there are differences in values of MAC in wildlife captured guan (Penelope obscura) under different conditions of social stress. This study used 27 bird species guan (P. obscura), divided into two groups: animals kept in the same enclosure (Collective Group) and animals kept in individual cages (Individual Group). The research was conducted at the Advanced Research Base of IBAMA, Painel/SC, and at the Clinical Veterinary Hospital of the "Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina", Lages/SC. The birds were captured using network trap with manual disarmament and transported to the Veterinary Hospital in cages. The animals were fasted for 2 to 6 hours before the procedure; anesthetic induction was performed with isoflurane for instrumentation. The isoflurane CAM was placed in the target value 1.3v% in the first animal of each group, and waited 15 minutes for the nociceptive (electric) stimulus, in the value of 50 hertz and 50mA, held in faradic form (3 consecutive simple stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The stimulus was performed on the lateral side of the left pelvic limb in the tibiotarsal region, and the electrodes were fixed with a 22G needle at a distance of 5cm between them. The bird's responses to the stimulus were considered positive (wing movements, head or vocalization) or negative (not presented movements of wings, head or vocalization) and the MAC value of the animal was recorded. Negative responses reduced next birds' MAC value by about 10%, and MAC positive responses increased by about 10%. Statistical analysis was done by methods up and down and analyze quantal for MAC and paired t-test for equivalent or t-test for variances not equal variances for the physiological variables. At the end of the experiment, the birds were reintroduced in the same capture area. The MAC value of isoflurane in the Collective Group was 1.4v% and the Individual Group 1.9v% to 0.903atm. It is observed that guan (P. obscura) in the Collective Group showed lesser anesthetic resistance to isoflurane than the birds in the Individual Group, showing that some levels of social stress can influence the MAC values of the isoflurane.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar e avaliar se há diferença nos valores de CAM em jacus (Penelope obscura) capturados em vida livre e submetidos a diferentes condições de estresse social. Foram utilizadas 27 aves da espécie jacu (P. obscura) de vida livre, que depois de capturados foram alocados em dois grupos: 10 animais que permaneceram em grupo no mesmo recinto (Grupo Coletivo) e 17 animais que permaneceram em gaiolas individuais (Grupo Individual). A pesquisa foi realizada na Base de Pesquisa Avançada do IBAMA, Painel/SC, e no Hospital de Clínica Veterinária da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages/SC. A captura foi realizada utilizando armadilha de rede com desarmamento manual e as aves foram transportadas para o Hospital Veterinário em gaiolas. Os animais foram submetidos a um jejum alimentar de 2 a 6 horas antes do procedimento, a indução anestésica foi realizada com isoflurano para instrumentação. A CAM de isoflurano foi colocada no valor alvo 1,3v% no primeiro animal de cada grupo, e esperado 15 minutos para realização do estímulo nociceptivo (elétrico), no valor de 50 hertz e 50mA, realizado de forma farádica (3 estímulos simples consecutivos, seguidos de 2 estímulos contínuos). O estímulo foi realizado na face lateral do membro pélvico esquerdo na região tibiotársica, e os eletrodos fixados com agulha 22G a uma distância de 5cm entre elas. A resposta da ave ao estímulo foi considerada positiva (movimentos de asas, cabeça ou vocalização) ou negativa (não apresentou movimentos de asas, cabeça ou vocalização) e o valor de CAM do animal foi registrado. Para resultados negativos, a CAM da próxima ave foi reduzida em torno de 10%, para positivos a CAM foi aumentada em torno de 10%. A análise estatística foi feita pelos métodos up and down e análise quantal para a CAM e teste t de pareado para variâncias equivalentes ou teste t para variâncias não equivalentes para as variáveis fisiológicas. Ao final do experimento as aves utilizadas foram reintroduzidas na mesma área de captura. O valor da CAM de isoflurano no Grupo Coletivo foi de 1,4v% e no Grupo Individual a CAM de 1,9v% a 0,903atm, sendo o valor do Grupo Coletivo significativamente menor que o Grupo Individual. Observa-se assim que os jacus (P. obscura) que permaneceram em recinto coletivo apresentaram uma menor resistência anestésica ao isoflurano que as aves que permaneceram em recintos individuais, mostrando que alguns níveis de estresse social como os observados aqui podem influenciar sobre os valores da CAM do isoflurano.(AU)

Rangelia vitalii and Hepatozoon canis coinfection in pampas fox Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Infecção por Rangelia vitalii e Hepatozoon canis em Lycalopex gymnocercus proveniente do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Abstract Rangelia vitalii is a haemoparasite that infects erythrocytes, white blood cells and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood capillaries of canids in South America, and has been detected in both domestic dogs and sylvatic canids. Hepatozoon canis is a parasite that infects neutrophils and monocytes of many mammalian hosts. This study reports the infection of Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina, Brazil, with R. vitalii and H. canis. The piroplasm was observed on both blood smears and molecular tests. Many large piroplasms were detected inside the erythrocytes, with round, oval, or teardrop-shaped organism, that occurred singly or in pairs. They had an abundant, pale blue cytoplasm and decentral dark red small nucleus. The animal was also infected with H. canis that was detected only by molecular tests. The majority of haematological and biochemistry parameters were within the reference values for domestic dog and wild canids.

Resumo Rangelia vitalii é um hemoparasita que infecta eritrócitos, macrófagos e células endoteliais de canídeos na América do Sul, e vem sendo detectado tanto em cães domésticos quanto em canídeos silvestres. Hepatozoon canis é um parasita que infecta monócitos e neutrófilos de mamíferos. No presente estudo, é descrita a infecção de Lycalopex gymnocercus, proveniente de Santa Catarina, Brasil, por R. vitalii e H. canis. O piroplasma foi diagnosticado nos esfregaços sanguíneos e por técnicas moleculares. Nos eritrócitos foram observados vários merozoítos grandes, ovais, arredondados ou em forma de gota, ocorrendo isoladamente ou em pares. Estes piroplasmas apresentavam citoplasma abundante, corado em azul claro, com núcleo pequeno, avermelhado e descentralizado. O animal apresentou coinfecção com H. canis, que foi diagnosticado somente pelos testes moleculares. A maior parte dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos do animal estava dentro dos valores de referência para cães domésticos e canídeos silvestres.

Dreno de sucção fechado em mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas / Closed suction drain in total unilateral mastectomy in bitches

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de dreno de sucção fechado em feridas cirúrgicas de mastectomias unilaterais totais em cadelas. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas com peso médio de 14,87±9,29kg, idade média 9,34±2,68 anos, provenientes da rotina hospitalar, as quais foram selecionadas por meio de avaliação clínica e oncológica. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Convencional (GC, n=9) que foram submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia unilateral total, sem colocação de dreno e grupo Dreno (GD, n=9) que foram submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total com colocação do dreno de sucção fechado (Biovácuo?), sendo o diâmetro do dreno determinado conforme peso do animal. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações durante o período pós-operatório: avaliação clínica diária dos animais através da frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), coloração de mucosas, tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC), grau de desidratação, hemograma, perfil bioquímico (ureia, creatinina, colesterol, triglicérides e glicose); avaliação qualitativa do dreno; avaliação qualitativa da ferida cirúrgica, sendo esta também realizada em 14 e 30 dias quanto à presença ou não de exsudato, edema, integridade da pele, deiscência, necrose e fibrose cicatricial; avaliação quantitativa do fluido drenado e avaliação qualitativa do fluido drenado, quanto à celularidade, tipo e morfologia celular. Houve aumento dos valores médios de densidade, neutrófilos, linfócitos, e aumento do valor de mediana de fibrinogênio do fluido drenado em 72 horas em relação às 24 horas no grupo GD. Ocorreu aumento do exsudato em 24, 48 e 72 horas no GD quando comparado ao GC. Houve aumento do volume de fluido drenado em 60 e 72 horas em relação às 12 horas no grupo GD. Houve redução do valor médio de eritrócitos em 72 horas em relação ao basal no grupo GD. Observou-se aumento nos valores médios de hemoglobina e hematócrito em 24 horas no grupo GC quando comparado ao GD. Houve aumento no valor médio de neutrófilos segmentados no basal no GD quando comparado ao GC. Conclui-se que a técnica de colocação de dreno de sucção fechado apresenta maior teor de exsudato. Recomenda-se que o vácuo do dreno seja refeito de 12 em 12 horas, sendo inicialmentrealizado 6 horas após o término da cirurgia. O dreno de sucção fechado não gera desconforto adicional ao paciente; recomenda-se que o mesmo seja removido 72 horas após o término da cirurgia, quando a produção de fluido diminui, porém mesmo assim alguns indivíduos podem apresentar formação de seroma no pós-operatório tardio.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of closed suction drain in surgical wounds of total unilateral mastectomy in dogs. Eighteen dogs were used with an average weight of 14.87±9.29kg, average age 9.34±2.68 years, from the hospital routine, which were selected through clinical and oncological evaluation. The animals were divided into two groups: Conventional (CG, n=9) which underwent total unilateral mastectomy surgery without drain and Drain group (DG, n=9) which underwent complete unilateral mastectomy with placement closed suction drain (Biovácuo?). The diameter of the drain was determined according to the animal weight. Five evaluations were performed during the postoperative period: clinical evaluation of the animals daily through the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), color of mucous membranes, capillary refill time (CRT), degree of dehydration, blood count, chemistry profile (urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose); qualitative assessment of the drain; qualitative assessment of the surgical wound, is also being held on 14 and 30 days for the presence or absence of exudate, edema, skin integrity, dehiscence, necrosis and scarring; quantitative evaluation of the drained fluid; qualitative assessment of fluid drained, as the cellularity type and cell morphology. Surgical time was recorded in both groups. There were an increase in average values of density, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and increased fibrinogen median value of drained fluid in 72 hours compared to 24 hours in DG group. There was an increase of exudate within 24, 48 and 72 hours in DG when compared to GC. There was an increase in the volume of drained fluid in 60 and 72 hours compared to 12 hours in DG. There was a reduction in the average value of red blood cells within 72 hours from baseline in DG group. There was an increase in average hemoglobin and hematocrit in 24 hours in the control group compared to the DG. There was an increase in the average value of neutrophils targeted at baseline in DG when compared to CG. It follows that, the closed suction drain placement technique presents more exudate. It is recommended that the drain vacuum is redone 12 in 12 hours, initially being performed 6 hours after surgery. The closed suction drain does not generate additional discomfort to the patient; it is recommended that it be removed 72 hours after the surgery, when the fluid production decreases, but even so some individuals may present seroma formation in the late postoperative.(AU)

Rangelia vitalii and Hepatozoon canis coinfection in pampas fox Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

Rangelia vitalii is a haemoparasite that infects erythrocytes, white blood cells and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood capillaries of canids in South America, and has been detected in both domestic dogs and sylvatic canids. Hepatozoon canis is a parasite that infects neutrophils and monocytes of many mammalian hosts. This study reports the infection of Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina, Brazil, with R. vitalii and H. canis. The piroplasm was observed on both blood smears and molecular tests. Many large piroplasms were detected inside the erythrocytes, with round, oval, or teardrop-shaped organism, that occurred singly or in pairs. They had an abundant, pale blue cytoplasm and decentral dark red small nucleus. The animal was also infected with H. canis that was detected only by molecular tests. The majority of haematological and biochemistry parameters were within the reference values for domestic dog and wild canids.

HEMATOLOGIC EVALUATION IN GUANS ( PENELOPE OBSCURA) UNDER PHYSICAL RESTRAINT AND ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA.

Hematology is an important health indicator in birds, but the stress from capture or anesthesia can cause alterations in blood count. This study aimed to evaluate the differences found in blood counts among guans ( Penelope obscura) under physical restraint and anesthetized with isoflurane. Thirty-two free-range guans from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) Park were enrolled in the study. After physical restraint, blood samples were obtained from the ulnar vein and placed in heparinized tubes. The birds were anesthetized with isoflurane and after 45 min, when the animals were still anesthetized, a blood sample from the jugular vein was collected. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, and the differences were analyzed with Tukey's test. Decreases in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, and packed cell volumes, and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were observed when animals were under general anesthesia. Decreases in total plasma protein, fibrinogen, and thrombocytes were detected after anesthesia. It was concluded that isoflurane influences the hematologic parameters, and those effects should be considered when interpreting hematologic values.

Hematological and splenic Doppler ultrasonographic changes in dogs sedated with acepromazine or xylazine.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the onset and duration of hematological changes and the use of Doppler ultrasound (spleen) in dogs sedated with acepromazine or xylazine. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study. ANIMALS: A total of 24 mixed breed dogs aged 1-4 years and weighing 15-25 kg. METHODS: Dogs were randomly distributed into two groups: acepromazine group (AG) which were administered acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1) intramuscularly and xylazine group (XG) administered xylazine (0.5 mg kg-1) intramuscularly. Sonographic evaluations (morphologic and hemodynamic splenic vascularization) and hematologic tests were performed before drug administration (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 720 minutes after drug administration. RESULTS: A significant reduction occurred in erythrogram variables in AG at 15-720 minutes corresponding with a significant enlargement of the spleen. In XG, a significant reduction was observed in the erythrogram variables at 30-60 minutes without a significant enlargement of the spleen. Hilar diameter did not change over time in either group. Flow alterations were found only in the splenic artery in AG, with a decreased final diastolic velocity observed at 60-120 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of acepromazine resulted in decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and an increased diameter of the spleen. Xylazine administration resulted in similar hematologic changes but of smaller magnitude and duration and without splenic changes. The absence of significant changes in the Doppler flow parameters of the splenic artery and vein and the hilar diameter suggests that the splenomegaly that was observed in AG was not due to splenic vasodilation. No splenic sequestration occurred after xylazine administration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results indicate that acepromazine decreases the erythrocyte concentrations by splenic erythrocyte sequestration and concomitant splenomegaly. Xylazine can cause slight hematologic changes, but without splenic changes.

Estudo retrospectivo da casuística de curicacas (Theristicus caudatus) recebidas pelo Projeto de Atendimento a Animais Selvagens do Planalto Catarinense no período de 2003-2014 / Retrospective study of cases of Buff-necked Ibis (Theristicus caudatus) treated by the veterinary care project of wild animals of Santa Catarina plateau during the years 2003-2014

O presente trabalho descreve um estudo retrospectivo da casuística de Curicacas (Theristicus caudatus) atendidas pelo Projeto de Atendimento Médico Veterinário a Animais Selvagens do Planalto Catarinense (CAV/UDESC) nos anos de 2003-2014. Neste período foram atendidas 77 curicacas, todas de vida livre e do Planalto Catarinense. Constatou-se que 33.7% eram jovens, 16,8% adultas e 49,5% com idade indeterminada. Dessas, 22.1% eram machos, 14.3% fêmeas e os demais indefinidos. Em relação às afecções clínicas, 55.8% possuíam fr,tura óssea, 9,1% sinais neurológicos, 3,9% múltiplas lacerações na pele e músculos, 3,9% luxação em membro, 3,% hemorragia em cavidade oral, 2,6% ruptura de sacos aéreos, 2,6% dispneia, 2,6% diarreia e 1,3% peritonite. Em 20,8% dos casos apresentavam apenas sinais inespecíficos como desnutrição. Dos animais atendidos, 55,8% morreram; 28,6% foram eutanasiados; 5,2% tratados e encaminhados à sede do IBAMA ou CETAS; 2,6% realizou-se soltura e em 7,8% o destino não foi informado. Efetuou-se necropsia em 70,8%, sendo que em 82,6% dessas obteve-se o diagnóstico definitivo de traumatismo e em 2,2% o diagnóstico foi de peritonite secundária a perfuração de moela por corpo estranho metálico e 2,2% vieram a óbito por pneumonia causada por corpo estranho (projétil). A alta mortalidade das aves atendidas parece estar relacionada com a gravidade das lesões apresentadas e afecções secundárias aos traumatismos. A curicaca foi a espécie que apresentou o maior número de atendimentos pelo projeto durante o período descrito no estudo, demonstrando que o estudo da casuística dessa ave pode servir como indicador do risco a que outras espécies de aves da região estão sujeitas.(AU)

This paper describes a retrospective study of all cases of Buff-necked Ibis ( Theristicus caudatus) treated by the veterinary care project of wild animals of Santa Catarina plateau during the years 2003 to 2014. In this period 77 Buff-necked Ibis were treated, all of them were free living animals from Santa Catarina plateau. It was found that, 33.7% were young animals, 16.8% were adults and 49.5% indeterminate age. About these animals, 22.1% were males, 14.3% were females and the other ones undefined. About the clinical disorders, 55.8% had bone fracture, 9.1% demonstrated neurological disorders, 3.9% multiples lacerations in skin and muscles, 3.9% demonstrated dislocation of member 3.4% demonstrated oral bleeding. Air sac rupture was observed in 2.6% of the animals, 2.6% were dyspneic and 2.6% had diarrhea, 1.3% peritonitis. In 20.8% of the cases the animal only demonstrated unspecific signs such as malnutrition. Of the animals treated, 55.8% came to death, 28.6% were euthanized, 5.2%were treated an sent to IBAMA or to a sorting center for wild animals. 2.6% were released into the wild, and in 7.8% of the cases de destination was not informed. Necropsy was performed in 70.8% of the animals, wherein 82.6% of those birds had came to a definitive diagnosis of trauma and in 2.2% the diagnosis was peritonitis caused by a gizzard perforation by a metallic foreign body. And 2.2% came to death for pneumonia caused by a foreign body (projectile). The high mortality of birds may be related with the severity of the lesions and with disorders resulting from trauma. The buff-necked ibis was the specie that presented the highest number of treatment by this project during the period described in the study. This information demonstrated that studding the disorders of this bird can serve as an indicator of the the risk which other bird species in the region are suffering.(AU)

Biomechanical properties of the biceps-labral complex submitted to mechanical stress

OBJETIVO: Determinar as propriedades biomecânicas do complexo labrum-glenóide bicipital superior submetido ao estresse mecânico contínuo ou repetitivo (repentino).

Biomechanical properties of the biceps-labral complex submitted to mechanical stress.

PURPOSE: To determine biomechanical properties of the superior labrum-biceps tendon complex submitted to continuous and sudden mechanical strain. METHODS: Eighteen shoulder specimens from 15 unclaimed corpses, ages ranging from 20 to 40 years, were submitted to continuous or sudden tensile tests using 3 different traction machines. Shoulders presenting signs of degenerative diseases or preexisting traumatic lesions were excluded. RESULTS: Rupture of the distal portion of the long hand of the biceps occurred when stretching forces reached 290N in continuous traction and 384N in sudden traction. No labral-complex lesions were observed. CONCLUSION: Either a simple continuous or a sudden uniaxial traction of the arm do not play a role in the genesis of superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions in the shoulder joint.